PID is comprised of various inflammatory disorders of the upper genital tract, including endometritis (when tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside of the uterus) and tubo-ovarian abscess. PID is characterized by inflammation and scarring, primarily of the fallopian tubes, that leads to infertility or tubal pregnancies.
If these symptoms are ignored and the infection goes untreated, the bacteria often spread from the cervix into the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Women may also experience pain low in the abdomen or discomfort during sex. Painful urination and spotting between periods, sometimes triggered by sex, are other common symptoms. Increased vaginal discharge is the most common symptom. When symptoms occur in infected women, they often are mild. Therefore, gonorrhea and chlamydia testing is usually done at the same time using a single specimen for both tests. Both of these bacterial STIs are often present without symptoms and are transmitted in the same way. In many cases, women and men infected with gonorrhea may also be infected with chlamydia at the same time. Transmission to a newborn results from exposure to the mother's infected cervix during birth. And when the infection is passed on to the infant, gonorrhea can cause serious eye infections. Pregnant women infected with gonorrhea also are at higher risk of premature delivery. Although uncommon, in both men and women, untreated gonorrhea can lead to serious systemic infections, including disseminated gonococcal infection in the joints, skin, heart or blood. Both men and women may contract a gonorrhea infection in the throat from oral sex and rectal infection from anal sex. In men, the most common site of infection is the urethra. PID can result in scarring of the fallopian tubes, causing blockage that can result in infertility or ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, sometimes a life-threatening condition, and chronic pelvic pain. The resulting infection is called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Without treatment, the bacteria can spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes. All men who have sex with men should be screened for STIs, including gonorrhea, at least annually.įor women, the most common site of initial infection is the cervix (cervicitis) and the urethra (urethritis). Gonorrhea can also be transmitted between male partners through sexual contact indeed, the rates of gonorrhea are at least 10 times higher in men who have sex with men than in women or heterosexual men. As with most STIs, infection is transmitted more readily from men to women than from women to men. Although less common, gonorrhea can be transmitted by oral sex. Even without anal sex, women can sometimes become infected in the rectum as a result of contamination of the anal area with vaginal fluids. Gonorrhea is spread during sexual intercourse, whether it is vaginal, oral or anal. Rates of infection are higher among adolescents and young adults, men who have sex with men, heterosexual males, and African Americans, particularly those in urban areas and southern United States. In 2016, 468,514 cases of gonorrhea were reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention however, about 700,000 cases are believed to occur annually. However, gonorrhea rates have increased in this decade, and rates in the United States remain higher than in any other industrialized country. Fortunately, this widespread STI has gradually declined substantially since a national control program was instituted in 1975. Gonorrhea rose to epidemic proportions in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. If you are pregnant, you should be tested early in your pregnancy for the disease. Women with new or multiple sexual partners or those with a sexual partner who has an STI should be tested annually as well, regardless of their age.
If you are under the age of 25 and sexually active, you should get tested annually for this infection. Untreated gonorrhea can cause infertility, especially in women. Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also called gonococcus. Gonorrhea is a curable sexually transmitted infection (STI), second only to chlamydia as the most frequently reported STI in the United States.
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